Every program has to be registered in the registry of the machine when its installed therefore when a program is uninstalled it has to be de registered from the registry but some programs have a funny way of staying registered in the in the system registry, these files have to be removed ,this is where registry cleaner comes in it helps with the removal of all the remaining un necessary files in the registry that confuse the machine.
2. Keylogger
Actual Spy Software is a keyloger that allows you to keep track of what is happening on your computer. It runs hidden in the background, and automatically
Keyloger features:
* Logs all keystrokes, is case sensitive.
* Makes screenshots within the specified time interval.
* Saves the applications’ running and closing.
* Watches clipboard contents.
* Records all print activity.
* Records disk changes.
* Records internet connections.
* Records all websites visited.
* Records startup/shutdown.
* All the information is stored in the encrypted log file.
* Convenient interface of the log and screenshot view.
* Generates the report in the text and html format.
* Sends the report to the specified email, via FTP or local area network.
* Works in the standard and hidden mode.
* In the hidden mode it is invisible in all operating systems (in Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista processes as well).
* Provides the opportunity to protect keyloger with the password, so that nobody except you could view the logs.
* Actual Spy Software is not detected by antivirus software.
* Fast installation, convenient and understandable interface, various set of features, flexible configuration system.
Unique Keyloger features:
* The keyloger Actual Spy Software is absolutely invisible in the all operating systems (in Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista processes as well) and is not detected by antivirus software.
* Case sensitive when detecting the keystrokes.
* When viewing the keystrokes can show only the characters without showing the pressed system keys which is more convenient. For example, if the following keys are pressed:
"[Shift]It[Space]is[Space]keyloger."
You can see the text
"It is keyloger."
having checked the "Show only characters" option.
* Log search with or without the case sensitive option.
* For your convenience, the limits of the text log size and screenshot size are specified separately, as the screenshots size normally occupies more disk space than a text file.
* Specifying the limits of the clipboard contents. If large amounts of information are copied to the clipboard, only the specified part will be saved.
* Sending the reports to email, via FTP or local area network with flexible configuration system.
3. dvd player
A machine used to play digital video discs, either on a computer or separately
4. Glary Registry Repair 3 (Windows)
Every program has to be registered in the registry of the machine when its installed therefore when a program is uninstalled it has to be de registered from the registry but some programs have a funny way of staying registered in the in the system registry, these files have to be removed ,this is where registry cleaner comes in it helps with the removal of all the remaining un necessary files in the registry that confuse the machine.
5. Safari
Safari is an African journey to far land for business for pleasure with family or friends
apple browser
Machine Embroidery
6. recover deleted files: this is a way getting data back either from the recycle bin by right clicking the file to restore option or by use of special software designed to recover files that have been deleted from the recycle bin or from a damaged hard disk.
7. vlc media player software used to play all media types (audio and video) and is also used for streaming files on a network. And all other video player functions are available with vlc.
8. AVG LinkScanner 8.5.289 (Windows) this scanner protects the internet user from known threat websites,it does this by checking on the avg database were all the urls for known threat websites are stored. If avg detects a treat website,it prompts the user to take action. Avg link scanner is updated per 5 seconds.
9. Avg is an antivirus software with many functions including but not limited to avg linkscanner,avg privacy protection,avg anti virus protection e.t.c.
10. Gimp
Gnu image manipulation program
11. Vlc
12. Antivirus a software that protects from known viruses and latest ones. Acts as a firewall attimes to protect from privacy intrusions.
13. Navclient is a
used for designing
14. Rar is an extension for a file name that is created by winrar. Winrar is used to compress file so as to be easily transported on the internet. Winrar has got security features like;password protection and encryption.
RAR is a proprietary archive file format that supports data compression, error recovery, and file spanning.[1] It was developed by a Russian software engineer, Eugene Roshal (the first letter of his surname contributing to the name of the archive format), and is currently licensed by win.rar GmbH.[2]
The filename extension used by RAR is .rar for the data volume set and .rev for the recovery volume set. In previous versions, if a RAR-archive was broken into many smaller files (a "multi-volume archive"), then the smaller files used the extensions .rar, .r00, .r01, .r02 etc.
Version 1 and 2 archive files were often used in conjunction with a parchive file archiver to create parity files for error recovery when using less-than-perfect file transmission and storage media such as newsgroups, satellite transmission, and optical discs. Version 3 has eliminated the need for third party post-processing.
15. Games
software designed to pass time.
16. Partition is the dividing of a hard disk into different parts. For example;drive c,drive d. with partitioning,if one drive crashes or fails due to an antivirus attack or anything of the sort,that drive can be formatted and data on the other drive is intact.partitioning supports raiding and mirroring e.t.c.
Disk partitioning is the act or practice of dividing the storage space of a hard disk drive into separate data areas known as partitions. A partition addmyador program can be used to create, delete or modify these partitions. Once a disk is divided into several partitions, directories and files of different categories may be stored in different partitions. More partitions provide more control, but too many may become cumbersome. The way that space management, access permissions and directory searching are implemented depends upon the type of file system installed on a partition. Careful consideration of the size of the partition is necessary as the ability to change the size depends on the file system installed on the partition.
Partitioning a disk into multiple areas has the following advantages:
* Separation of the operating system and program files, from user files. This allows image backups (or clones) to be made of only the operating system and installed software.
* Having an area for operating system virtual memory swapping/paging.
* Keeping frequently used programs and data near each other.
* Having cache and log files separate from other files. These can change size dynamically and rapidly, potentially making a file system full.
* Use of multi booting setups, which allow users to have more than one operating system on a single computer. For example, one could install Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows or others on different partitions of the same hard disk and have a choice of booting into any operating system (supported by the hardware) at power-up.
* Protecting or isolating files, to make it easier to recover a corrupted file system or operating system installation. If one partition is corrupted, none of the other file systems are affected, and the drive's data may still be salvageable. Having a separate partition for read-only data also reduces the chances of the file system on this partition becoming corrupted.
* Raising overall computer performance on systems where smaller file systems are more efficient. For instance, large hard drives with only one NTFS file system typically have a very large sequentially-accessed Master File Table (MFT) and it generally takes more time to read this MFT than the smaller MFTs of smaller partitions.
* "Short Stroking", which aims to minimize performance-eating head repositioning delays by reducing the number of tracks used per hard drive.[1] The basic idea is that you make one partition approx. 20-25% of the total size of the drive. This partition is expected to: occupy the outer tracks of the hard drive, and offer more than double the throughput — less than half the access time. If you limit capacity with short stroking, the minimum throughput stays much closer to the maximum.
For example a 1 TB disk might have an access time of 12 ms at 200 IOPS (at a limited queue depth) with an average throughput of 100 MB/s. When it is partitioned to 100 GB (and the rest left unallocated) you might end up with an access time of 6 ms at 300 IOPS (with a bigger queue depth) with an average throughput of 200 MB/s..
[addmyad] PC BIOS partition types
This section describes the master boot record (MBR) partitioning scheme, as used in MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Linux on PC compatible computer systems; for examples of partitioning schemes used in other operating systems, see GUID Partition Table, Slice (disk) or BSD disklabel.
The total data storage space of a PC hard disk is divided into at most four, and at least one, primary partitions. One of these can also be an extended partition. All these primary partitions are described by 16-byte entries that constitute the Partition Table which is located in the master boot record.
The "type" of a partition is identified by a 1-byte code found in its partition table entry. Some of these codes (such as 0x05 and 0x0F) may be used to indicate the presence of an extended partition, but most are used by operating systems that examine partition tables to decide if a partition contains a file system they can mount/access for reading or writing data.
Once a specific partition's type has been identified, additional information about its purpose and probable contents may be found (see: List of partition identifiers for PCs as one such resource). For example, some type codes are used to hide a partition's contents from various operating systems. However, if an OS or some partitioning tool has been programmed to also examine the boot sectors of any partition, then its file system may no longer remain hidden. (Note: There are no officially assigned partition types; thus, more than one kind of file system may lay claim to the same code value.) Additionally, partition types and boot indicators can be easily modified using applications such as MBRWizard if required.
[addmyad] Primary
A primary partition contains one file system. In MS-DOS and earlier versions of Microsoft Windows systems, the first partition (C:) must be a primary partition. Some operating systems are not limited in this way; however, this can depend on other factors, such as a PC's BIOS (see Boot sequence on standard PC for more information).
The "partition type" code for a primary partition can either correspond to a file system contained within (e.g. 0x07 means either an NTFS or an OS/2 HPFS file system) or indicate the partition has a special use (e.g. code 0xBC may mean an Acronis Secure Zone and code 0x82 usually indicates a Linux swap partition). The FAT16 and FAT32 file systems have made use of quite a number of partition type codes over time due to the limits of various DOS and Windows OS versions. Though a Linux operating system may recognize a number of different file systems (ext2, ext3, reiserfs, etc.), they have all consistently used the same partition type code: 0x83 (Linux native).
[addmyad] Extended
An extended partition is a primary partition which contains secondary partition(s). A hard disk may contain only one extended partition; which can then be sub-divided into logical drives, each of which is (under DOS and Windows) assigned additional drive letters.
For example, under either DOS or Windows, a hard disk with one primary partition and one extended partition, the latter containing two logical drives, would typically be assigned the three drive letters: C: for the primary partition, and D: and E: for the two logical drives.
See extended boot record for information on the structure of an extended partition.
[addmyad] Compressed disks
Hard disks can be compressed to create additional space. Under MS-DOS and early Microsoft Windows, programs such as Stacker (DR-DOS except 6), SuperStor (DR-DOS 6), DoubleSpace, or DriveSpace (Windows 95) were used. This compression was done by creating a very large file on the partition, then storing the disk's data in this file. At startup, device drivers opened this file and assigned it a separate letter. Frequently, to avoid confusion, the original partition and the compressed drive had their letters swapped, so that the compressed disk is C:, and the uncompressed area (often containing system files) is given a higher name. (SuperStor required a separate device driver to be loaded, DEVSWAP.COM).
Versions of Windows using the NT kernel, including the most recent versions, XP and Vista, contain intrinsic disk compression capability. The use of separate disk compression utilities has declined sharply.
[addmyad] Partitioning schemes
[addmyad] Windows, DOS, and OS/2
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With Microsoft Windows, DOS, and OS/2, the standard partitioning scheme is to create a single active primary partition or drive. The designation for this drive is the C: drive, where the operating system (OS), utilities, applications, user data, and page/swap file all reside. The single-partitioning setup is standard for most consumer computers, and most consumers do not employ partitioning.[citation needed] (Though they may backup data on other disk drives and recordable media — solutions which, if implemented diligently and with good organization, can mitigate most problems). On single disk systems, experienced computer users typically prefer to create multiple partitions so that the (typically) trouble-prone operating system can be separated from personal, original, or otherwise valuable user files. User data is thus stored on other partitions (D:, E:, F:, etc.), in case an OS issue prevents the OS from booting.
Proponents of multiple partitions assert the benefits of keeping system files and data files separated because, in a system crash on a single-partition computer, the primary concern (for users, consumers, and technicians) is recovering original or irreplaceable user files. On multi-partition single-disk setup where system and data are kept separate, OS crashes can be easily handled by the end user by simply repairing or even reinstalling the OS. In serious cases where the OS/system partition is entirely compromised, being able to erase the entire system partition, while retaining and not worrying about valuable data on another drive, is extremely time-saving and makes OS issues nearly trivial. This means in case of a system crash, virus infection, malware, spyware, program vs. system conflicts, lost system files, or other serious problem can be easily corrected on the system disk, and the data drive(s) can be tested later (after OS recovery) for infections.
When used in conjunction with third-party partition management programs, the use of multiple partitions allows computer users to quickly recover from viruses, rootkits, and trojan horses or an otherwise damaged, corrupt or compromised operating system. Examples of partition management programs are Acronis Disk Director and Norton Ghost. In some instances specialized recovery programs are supplied with computers manufactured by most major manufacturers,
Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista include an inbuilt 'Disk Management' program which allows for the creation, deletion and movement of partitions. Vista's Disk Manager is not compatible with Windows 2000 or XP.
[addmyad] Unix, Linux and Mac OS X
In Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and Mac OS X, it is possible to create multiple partitions (also known in the Solaris operating system and the BSD based operating systems as "slices") on a disk device. Each partition can be used for a file system or as a swap partition.
Multiple partitions allow directories such as /tmp, /usr, /var, or home directory space to be allocated their own file system. Such a scheme has a number of potential advantages: if one file system gets corrupted, the rest of the data (the other file systems) stay intact, minimizing data loss; specific file systems can be mounted read-only, or with the execution of setuid files disabled (thus enhancing security); performance may be enhanced due to less disk head travel. However, the disadvantage of subdividing the drive into fixed-size partitions is that a file system in one partition may become full, even though other file systems still have plenty of usable space.
A good partitioning scheme requires the user to predict how much space each partition will need, which may be a difficult task; especially for new users. Logical Volume Management, often used in servers, increases flexibility by allowing data in volumes to expand into separate physical disks (which can be added when needed); another option is to resize existing partitions when necessary.
Typical Linux desktop systems often use only two partitions: a single "/" (root directory) containing the entire filesystem plus a much smaller swap partition. By default, Mac OS X systems use a single root directory containing the entire filesystem (including a swap file) as a point of simplicity (but other setup options do exist).
[addmyad] Multi-boot and mixed-boot systems
Main article: Multi-boot
A GRUB startup menu showing Ubuntu Linux (with three different boot modes) and Windows Vista options
Multi-boot systems are computers where the user can boot into more than one distinct operating system (OS). In such systems, the user is given a choice, at startup, of which OS they wish to use, as only one can run at a time on a single-processor computer. (However, computers with virtual operating systems installed or with multiple separated processors, may allow either running another OS within a window, such as Linux on Windows, or switching between OSes.).
Multi-boot systems are typically mixed-boot systems, with different OSes installed. A typical case is a machine with Windows (XP, Vista, Windows 7) as the default OS and any Linux distribution as a second OS. Another example is a multi-boot with Windows and Mac OS X—a configuration made possible by Apple's switch to the x86 processor architecture, and by Apple's own multi-boot utility (Boot Camp).
Multi-boot systems generally have two fundamental issues which need to be understood and handled before any installation. In short, the disk must be partitioned with consideration for the proper installation and setup of each operating system, and the sharing of files across non-mutually intelligent systems.
The first issue can be complicated by several things, the major complications being the OS's ability to recognize the partition order, and partition (and even file system) issues arising from an incompatibility between partition setups. In general, machines with Windows installed should use Windows-based partition tools and not Linux ones. (Linux tools work, but Windows can be picky when dealing with a boot partition that was created under Linux or Mac).
The second issue deals with the boot manager and its installation, and the required configurations and settings a boot manager must have in order to boot each OS. Most Linux distributions provide a simple to install boot manager such as GNU GRUB or LILO, but these usually require overwriting the MBR as set up by Windows. Linux boot managers always recognize NTFS partitions and Windows OSes, but Windows variants generally do not do a good job of recognizing either Linux or Mac, and Windows notoriously does not give a choice to not overwrite the MBR with a Windows bootloader.
[addmyad] Partition recovery
When a partition is deleted, in general, only its partition table entry is removed from a table; and although the data is no longer accessible, it still remains on the disk until being overwritten. Specialized recovery utilities, (such as TestDisk and gpart), can locate lost file systems and recreate a partition table which includes entries for these recovered file systems. However, some disk utilities may also overwrite a number of beginning sectors of a partition they delete. For example, if Windows Disk Management (Windows 2000/XP, etc.) is used to delete a partition, it will overwrite the first sector (relative sector 0) of the partition before removing it. It may be possible to restore a FAT32 or NTFS partition if a backup boot sector is available.
[addmyad] See also
17. flight simulator software designed as a game to simulate a real flight environment for training purposes for future pilots .at times it is also used in video games.
18. Registry where all programs are registered on a mchine
19. age of empires
on line video game
20. tv tuner a card
used to tune tv on acomputer
21. file recovery
Getting files back from a damaged disk or
22. WINRAR creates .rar files, compresses files
23. key logger
24. Mac
Media acces control is a special identification for each machine
25. Revo
Revo Uninstaller Pro helps you to uninstall software and remove unwanted programs installed on your computer easily! Even if you have problems uninstalling and cannot uninstall them from "Windows Add or Remove Programs" control panel applet.
Revo Uninstaller is a much faster and more powerful alternative to "Windows Add or Remove Programs" applet! It has very powerful features to uninstall and remove programs.
With its advanced and fast algorithms, Revo Uninstaller analyzes an application's data before uninstall and scans for remnants after the uninstall of a program. After the program's regular uninstaller runs, you can remove additional unnecessary files, folders and registry keys that are usually left over on your computer.
Revo Uninstaller Pro offers you some simple, easy to use, but effective and powerful methods for uninstalling software like tracing the program during its installation.
To remove a program completely and without leaving a trace you can monitor all system changes made during its installation, and then use that information to uninstall it with one click only – simple and easy!
26. Winzip
Used to zip files to be transferred together on a net
in a compressed format
27. video capture
process of capturing a video from a web site like u tube using specific software.
28. Chess
A game on board or software
Object of the Chess Game
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It's rather simple, there are two players with one player having 16 black or dark color chess pieces and the other player having 16 white or light color chess pieces. The chess players move on a square chessboard made up of 64 individual squares consisting of 32 dark squares and 32 light squares. Each chess piece has a defined starting point or square with the dark chess pieces aligned on one side of the board and the light pieces on the other. There are 6 different types of chess pieces, each with it's own unique method to move on the chessboard. The chess pieces are used to both attack and defend from attack, against the other players chessmen. Each player has one chess piece called the king. The ultimate objective of the game is to capture the opponents king. Having said this, the king will never actually be captured. When either sides king is trapped to where it cannot move without being taken, it's called "checkmate" or the shortened version "mate". At this point, the game is over. The object of playing chess is really quite simple, but mastering this game of chess is a totally different story.
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30. dvd burner
software or hardware used to create dvd videos
31. screen capture
Capture from screen using the a video player or any other software from the screen of a computer
32. registry repair
Software used to remove duplicate or useless files from the registry
33. OCR
OCR may refer to:
* Optical character recognition, conversion of images of text into characters
o The OCR-A font, designed to simplify character recognition
o The similar OCR-B font
* Transvaginal oocyte retrieval, a technique used in in vitro fertilization
* Over consolidation ratio, a consolidation measurement in geotechnical engineering
* Official Cash Rate, the interest rate paid by banks in the overnight money market
* Optimum currency region, a theoretical optimal area where one currency would make most benefit
* Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations, a UK-based exam board
* OverClocked ReMix, an organization and website dedicated to preserving and paying tribute to video game music through re-orchestration and reinterpretation
* Oxidizable carbon ratio dating, a method of absolute dating
* Offices of Civil Rights, common sub-agency or sub-component name of U.S. federal agencies:
o State Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of State
o GSA Office of Civil Rights, General Services Administration
o ED Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education
o HHS Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
o DOJ Office for Civil Rights, Office of Justice Programs (OJP)
* Organically moderated and cooled reactor, a type of nuclear reactor
34. Cleancenter
official home cleaner for your harddrive
35. Free Fire Screensaver 1.26 (Windows)
A screen saver that displays fire flames on the desktop for
36. Backup
Back up is securing data on different madia in cae of any possible damage or loss at the original source
in information technology, a backup or the process of backing up refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. These additional copies are typically called "backups." The verb is back up in two words, whereas the noun is backup (often used like an adjective in compound nouns).[1]
Backups are useful primarily for two purposes. The first is to restore a state following a disaster (called disaster recovery). The second is to restore small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or corrupted. Data loss is also very common. 66% of internet users have suffered from serious data loss.[2]
Since a backup system contains at least one copy of all data worth saving, the data storage requirements are considerable. Organizing this storage space and managing the backup process is a complicated undertaking. A data repository model can be used to provide structure to the storage. In the modern era of computing there are many different types of data storage devices that are useful for making backups. There are also many different ways in which these devices can be arranged to provide geographic redundancy, data security, and portability.
Before data is sent to its storage location, it is selected, extracted, and manipulated. Many different techniques have been developed to optimize the backup procedure. These include optimizations for dealing with open files and live data sources as well as compression, encryption, and de-duplication, among others. Many organizations and individuals try to have confidence that the process is working as expected and work to define measurements and validation techniques. It is also important to recognize the limitations and human factors involved in any backup scheme.
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Data repository models
Any backup strategy starts with a concept of a data repository. The backup data needs to be stored somehow and probably should be organized to a degree. It can be as simple as a sheet of paper with a list of all backup tapes and the dates they were written or a more sophisticated setup with a computerized index, catalog, or relational database. Different repository models have different advantages. This is closely related to choosing a backup rotation scheme.
Unstructured
An unstructured repository may simply be a stack of floppy disks or CD-R/DVD-R media with minimal information about what was backed up and when. This is the easiest to implement, but probably the least likely to achieve a high level of recoverability.
Full + Incrementals
A Full + Incremental repository aims to make storing several copies of the source data more feasible. At first, a full backup (of all files) is taken. After that, any number of incremental backups can be taken. There are many different types of incremental backups, but they all attempt to only backup a small amount of data relative to the full backup. Restoring a whole system to a certain point in time would require locating the full backup taken previous to that time and the incremental backups that cover the period of time between the full backup and the particular point in time to which the system is supposed to be restored.[3] The scope of an incremental backup is typically defined as a range of time relative to other full or incremental backups. Different implementations of backup systems frequently use specialized or conflicting definitions of these terms.
Differential backup
A differential backup copies files that have been created or changed since the last normal or incremental backup. It does not mark files as having been backed up (in other words, the archive attribute is not cleared). If you are performing a combination of normal and differential backups, restoring files and folders requires that you have the last normal as well as the last differential backup.
Continuous data protection
Instead of scheduling periodic backups, the system immediately logs every change on the host system. This is generally done by saving byte or block-level differences rather than file-level differences.[4] It differs from simple disk mirroring in that it enables a roll-back of the log and thus restoration of old image of data.
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addmyad Storage media
Regardless of the repository model that is used, the data has to be stored on some data storage medium somewhere.
Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape has long been the most commonly used medium for bulk data storage, backup, archiving, and interchange. Tape has typically had an order of magnitude better capacity/price ratio when compared to hard disk, but recently the ratios for tape and hard disk have become a lot closer.[5] There are myriad formats, many of which are proprietary or specific to certain markets like mainframes or a particular brand of personal computer. Tape is a sequential access medium, so even though access times may be poor, the rate of continuously writing or reading data can actually be very fast. Some new tape drives are even faster than modern hard disks. A principal advantage of tape is that it has been used for this purpose for decades (much longer than any alternative) and its characteristics are well understood.
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Hard disk
The capacity/price ratio of hard disk has been rapidly improving for many years. This is making it more competitive with magnetic tape as a bulk storage medium. The main advantages of hard disk storage are low access times, availability, capacity and ease of use.[6] External disks can be connected via local interfaces like SCSI, USB, FireWire, or eSATA, or via longer distance technologies like Ethernet, iSCSI, or Fibre Channel. Some disk-based backup systems, such as Virtual Tape Libraries, support data deduplication which can dramatically reduce the amount of disk storage capacity consumed by daily and weekly backup data. The main disadvantages of hard disk backups are that they are easily damaged, especially while being transported (e.g., for off-site backups), and that their stability over periods of years is a relative unknown.
Optical disc
A recordable CD can be used as a backup device. One advantage of CDs is that they can in theory be restored on any machine with a CD-ROM drive. (In practice, writable CD-ROMs are not always universally readable.) In addition, recordable CD's are relatively cheap. Another common format is recordable DVD. Many optical disk formats are WORM type, which makes them useful for archival purposes since the data can't be changed. Other rewritable formats can also be utilized such as CD-RW or DVD-RAM. The newer HD-DVDs and Blu-ray Discs dramatically increase the amount of data possible on a single optical storage disk, though, as yet, the media may be cost prohibitive for many people. Additionally the physical lifetime of the optical disk has become a concern as it is possible for some optical disks to degrade and lose data within a couple of years.
Floppy disk
During the 1980s and early 1990s, many personal/home computer users associated backup mostly with copying floppy disks. The low data capacity of a floppy disk makes it an unpopular and obsolete choice today.[7]
Solid state storage
Also known as flash memory, thumb drives, USB flash drives, CompactFlash, SmartMedia, Memory Stick, Secure Digital cards, etc., these devices are relatively costly for their low capacity, but offer excellent portability and ease-of-use.
Remote backup service
As broadband internet access becomes more widespread, remote backup services are gaining in popularity. Backing up via the internet to a remote location can protect against some worst-case scenarios such as fires, floods, or earthquakes which would destroy any backups in the immediate vicinity along with everything else. There are, however, a number of drawbacks to remote backup services. First, internet connections (particularly domestic broadband connections) are generally substantially slower than the speed of local data storage devices, which can be a problem for people who generate or modify large amounts of data. Secondly, users need to trust a third party service provider with both privacy and integrity of backed up data. The risk associated with putting control of personal or sensitive data in the hands of a third party can be managed by encrypting sensitive data so that its contents cannot be viewed without access to the secret key. Ultimately the backup service must itself be using one of the above methods, so this could be seen as a more complex way of doing traditional backups.
addmyad Managing the data repository
Regardless of the data repository model or data storage media used for backups, a balance needs to be struck between accessibility, security and cost. These media management methods are not mutually exclusive and are frequently combined to meet the needs of the situation. Using on-line disks for staging data before it is sent to a near-line tape library is a common example.
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On-line
On-line backup storage is typically the most accessible type of data storage, which can begin restore in milliseconds time. A good example would be an internal hard disk or a disk array (maybe connected to SAN). This type of storage is very convenient and speedy, but is relatively expensive. On-line storage is quite vulnerable to being deleted or overwritten, either by accident, by intentional malevolent action, or in the wake of a data-deleting virus payload.
Near-line
Near-line storage is typically less accessible and less expensive than on-line storage, but still useful for backup data storage. A good example would be a tape library with restore times ranging from seconds to a few minutes. A mechanical device is usually involved in moving media units from storage into a drive where the data can be read or written. Generally it has safety properties similar to on-line storage.
Off-line
Off-line storage requires some direct human action in order to make access to the storage media physically possible. This action is typically inserting a tape into a tape drive or plugging in a cable that allows a device to be accessed. Because the data is not accessible via any computer except during limited periods in which it is written or read back, it is largely immune to a whole class of on-line backup failure modes. Access time will vary depending on whether the media is on-site or off-site.
Off-site data protection
To protect against a disaster or other site-specific problem, many people choose to send backup media to an off-site vault. The vault can be as simple as a system administrator’s home office or as sophisticated as a disaster hardened, temperature controlled, high security bunker that has facilities for backup media storage. Importantly a data replica can be off-site but also on-line (e.g., an off-site RAID mirror). Such a replica has fairly limited value as a backup, and should not be confused with an off-line backup.
Backup site or disaster recovery center (DR center)
In the event of a disaster, the data on backup media will not be sufficient to recover. Computer systems onto which the data can be restored and properly configured networks are necessary too. Some organizations have their own data recovery centers that are equipped for this scenario. Other organizations contract this out to a third-party recovery center. Because a DR site is itself a huge investment, backup is very rarely considered the preferred method of moving data to a DR site. A more typical way would be remote disk mirroring, which keeps the DR data as up-to-date as possible.
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addmyad Selection and extraction of data
A successful back up job starts with selecting and extracting coherent units of data. Most data on modern computer systems is stored in discrete units known as files. These files are organized into filesystems. Files that are actively being updated can be thought of as "live" and present a challenge to back up. It is also useful to save metadata that describes the computer or the filesystem being backed up.
Deciding what to back up at any given time is a harder process than it seems. By backing up too much redundant data, the data repository will fill up too quickly. Backing up an insufficient amount of data can eventually lead to the loss of critical information.
addmyad Files
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Copying files
Making copies of files is the simplest and most common way to perform a backup. A means to perform this basic function is included in all backup software and all operating systems.
Partial file copying
Instead of copying whole files, one can limit the backup to only the blocks or bytes within a file that have changed in a given period of time. This technique can use substantially less storage space on the backup medium, but requires a high level of sophistication to reconstruct files in a restore situation. Some implementations require integration with the source filesystem.
addmyad Filesystems
Filesystem dump
Instead of copying files within a filesystem, a copy of the whole filesystem itself can be made. This is also known as a raw partition backup and is related to disk imaging. The process usually involves unmounting the filesystem and running a program like dump. This type of backup has the possibility of running faster than a backup that simply copies files. A feature of some dump software is the ability to restore specific files from the dump image.
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Identification of changes
Some filesystems have an archive bit for each file that says it was recently changed. Some backup software looks at the date of the file and compares it with the last backup, to determine whether the file was changed.
Versioning file system
A versioning filesystem keeps track of all changes to a file and makes those changes accessible to the user. Generally this gives access to any previous version, all the way back to the file's creation time. An example of this is the Wayback versioning filesystem for Linux.[8]
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addmyad Live data
If a computer system is in use while it is being backed up, the possibility of files being open for reading or writing is real. If a file is open, the contents on disk may not correctly represent what the owner of the file intends. This is especially true for database files of all kinds. The term fuzzy backup can be used to describe a backup of live data that looks like it ran correctly, but does not represent the state of the data at any single point in time. This is because the data being backed up changed in the period of time between when the backup started and when it finished. For databases in particular, fuzzy backups are worthless.
Snapshot backup
A snapshot is an instantaneous function of some storage systems that presents a copy of the filesystem as if it was frozen in a specific point in time, often by a copy-on-write mechanism. An effective way to back up live data is to temporarily quiesce it (e.g. close all files), take a snapshot, and then resume live operations. At this point the snapshot can be backed up through normal methods. [9] While a snapshot is very handy for viewing a filesystem as it was at a different point in time, it is hardly an effective backup mechanism by itself.
Open file backup
Many backup software packages feature the ability to handle open files in backup operations. Some simply check for openness and try again later. File locking is useful for regulating access to open files.
When attempting to understand the logistics of backing up open files, one must consider that the backup process could take several minutes to back up a large file such as a database. In order to back up a file that is in use, it is vital that the entire backup represent a single-moment snapshot of the file, rather than a simple copy of a read-through. This represents a challenge when backing up a file that is constantly changing. Either the database file must be locked to prevent changes, or a method must be implemented to ensure that the original snapshot is preserved long enough to be copied, all while changes are being preserved. Backing up a file while it is being changed, in a manner that causes the first part of the backup to represent data before changes occur to be combined with later parts of the backup after the change results in a corrupted file that is unusable, as most large files contain internal references between their various parts that must remain consistent throughout the file.
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Cold database backup
During a cold backup, the database is closed or locked and not available to users. The datafiles do not change during the backup process so the database is in a consistent state when it is returned to normal operation. [10]
Hot database backup
Some database management systems offer a means to generate a backup image of the database while it is online and usable ("hot"). This usually includes an inconsistent image of the data files plus a log of changes made while the procedure is running. Upon a restore, the changes in the log files are reapplied to bring the database in sync. [11]
addmyad Metadata
Not all information stored on the computer is stored in files. Accurately recovering a complete system from scratch requires keeping track of this non-file data too.
System description
System specifications are needed to procure an exact replacement after a disaster.
Boot sector
The boot sector can sometimes be recreated more easily than saving it. Still, it usually isn't a normal file and the system won't boot without it.
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Partition layout
The layout of the original disk, as well as partition tables and filesystem settings, is needed to properly recreate the original system.
File metadata
Each file's permissions, owner, group, ACLs, and any other metadata need to be backed up for a restore to properly recreate the original environment.
System metadata
Different operating systems have different ways of storing configuration information. Windows keeps a registry of system information that is more difficult to restore than a typical file.
addmyad Manipulation of data and dataset optimisation
It is frequently useful or required to manipulate the data being backed up to optimize the backup process. These manipulations provide many benefits including improved backup speed, restore speed, data security, media usage and reduced bandwidth requirements.
Compression
Various schemes can be employed to shrink the size of the source data to be stored so that it uses less storage space. Compression is frequently a built-in feature of tape drive hardware.
De-duplication
When multiple similar systems are backed up to the same destination storage device, there exists the potential for much redundancy within the backed up data. For example, if 20 Windows workstations were backed up to the same data repository, they might share a common set of system files. The data repository only needs to store one copy of those files to be able to restore any one of those workstations. This technique can be applied at the file level or even on raw blocks of data, potentially resulting in a massive reduction in required storage space. Deduplication can occur on a server before any data moves to backup media, sometimes referred to as source/client side deduplication. This approach also reduces bandwidth required to send backup data to its target media. The process can also occur at the target storage device, sometimes referred to as inline or back-end deduplication.
Duplication
Sometimes backup jobs are duplicated to a second set of storage media. This can be done to rearrange the backup images to optimize restore speed, to have a second copy at a different location or on a different storage medium.
Encryption
High capacity removable storage media such as backup tapes present a data security risk if they are lost or stolen. [12] Encrypting the data on these media can mitigate this problem, but presents new problems. Encryption is a CPU intensive process that can slow down backup speeds, and the security of the encrypted backups is only as effective as the security of the key management policy.
Multiplexing
When there are many more computers to be backed up than there are destination storage devices, the ability to use a single storage device with several simultaneous backups can be useful.
Refactoring
The process of rearranging the backup sets in a data repository is known as refactoring. For example, if a backup system uses a single tape each day to store the incremental backups for all the protected computers, restoring one of the computers could potentially require many tapes. Refactoring could be used to consolidate all the backups for a single computer onto a single tape. This is especially useful for backup systems that do incrementals forever style backups.
Staging
Sometimes backup jobs are copied to a staging disk before being copied to tape. This process is sometimes referred to as D2D2T, an acronym for Disk to Disk to Tape. This can be useful if there is a problem matching the speed of the final destination device with the source device as is frequently faced in network-based backup systems. It can also serve as a centralized location for applying other data manipulation techniques.
addmyad Managing the backup process
It is important to understand that backup is a process. As long as new data is being created and changes are being made, backups will need to be updated. Individuals and organizations with anything from one computer to thousands (or even millions) of computer systems all have requirements for protecting data. While the scale is different, the objectives and limitations are essentially the same. Likewise, those who perform backups need to know to what extent they were successful, regardless of scale.
addmyad Objectives
Recovery point objective (RPO)
The point in time that the restarted infrastructure will reflect. Essentially, this is the roll-back that will be experienced as a result of the recovery. The most desirable RPO would be the point just prior to the data loss event. Making a more recent recovery point achievable requires increasing the frequency of synchronization between the source data and the backup repository.[13]
Recovery time objective (RTO)
The amount of time elapsed between disaster and restoration of business functions.[14]
Data security
In addition to preserving access to data for its owners, data must be restricted from unauthorized access. Backups must be performed in a manner that does not compromise the original owner's undertaking. This can be achieved with data encryption and proper media handling policies.
addmyad Limitations
An effective backup scheme will take into consideration the limitations of the situation.
Backup window
The period of time when backups are permitted to run on a system is called the backup window. This is typically the time when the system sees the least usage and the backup process will have the least amount of interference with normal operations. The backup window is usually planned with users' convenience in mind. If a backup extends past the defined backup window, a decision is made whether it is more beneficial to abort the backup or to lengthen the backup window.
Performance impact
All backup schemes have some performance impact on the system being backed up. For example, for the period of time that a computer system is being backed up, the hard drive is busy reading files for the purposes of the backup, and its full bandwidth is no longer available for other tasks. Such impacts should be analyzed.
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Costs of hardware, software, labor
All types of storage media have a finite capacity with a real cost. Matching the correct amount of storage capacity (over time) with the backup needs is an important part of the design of a backup scheme. Any backup scheme has some labor requirement, but complicated schemes have considerably higher labor requirements. The cost of commercial backup software can also be considerable.
Network Bandwidth
Distributed backup systems can be affected by limited network bandwidth.
addmyad Implementation
Meeting the defined objectives in the face of the above limitations can be a difficult task. The tools and concepts below can make that task more achievable.
Scheduling
Using a job scheduler can greatly improve the reliability and consistency of backups by removing part of the human element. Many backup software packages include this functionality.
Authentication
Over the course of regular operations, the user accounts and/or system agents that perform the backups need to be authenticated at some level. The power to copy all data off of or onto a system requires unrestricted access. Using an authentication mechanism is a good way to prevent the backup scheme from being used for unauthorized activity.
Chain of trust
Removable storage media are physical items and must only be handled by trusted individuals. Establishing a chain of trusted individuals (and vendors) is critical to defining the security of the data.
addmyad Measuring the process
To ensure that the backup scheme is working as expected, the process needs to include monitoring key factors and maintaining historical data.
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Backup validation
(also known as "Backup Success Validation") The process by which owners of data can get information regarding how their data was backed up. This same process is also used to prove compliance to regulatory bodies outside of the organization, for example, an insurance company might be required under HIPAA to show "proof" that their patient data are meeting records retention requirements[15]. Disaster, data complexity, data value and increasing dependence upon ever-growing volumes of data all contribute to the anxiety around and dependence upon successful backups to ensure business continuity. For that reason, many organizations rely on third-party or "independent" solutions to test, validate, and optimize their backup operations (backup reporting).
Reporting
In larger configurations, reports are useful for monitoring media usage, device status, errors, vault coordination and other information about the backup process.
Logging
In addition to the history of computer generated reports, activity and change logs are useful for monitoring backup system events.
Validation
Many backup programs make use of checksums or hashes to validate that the data was accurately copied. These offer several advantages. First, they allow data integrity to be verified without reference to the original file: if the file as stored on the backup medium has the same checksum as the saved value, then it is very probably correct. Second, some backup programs can use checksums to avoid making redundant copies of files, to improve backup speed. This is particularly useful for the de-duplication process.
Monitored Backup
Backup processes are monitored by a third party monitoring center. This center alerts users to any errors that occur during automated backups. Monitored backup requires software capable of pinging the monitoring center's servers in the case of errors. Some monitoring services also allow collection of historical meta-data, that can be used for Storage Ressource Management purposes like projection of data growth, locating redundant primary storage capacity and reclaimable backup capacity. The Wizards Storage Portal is an example of a solution that monitors IBM's well known Tivoli Storage Manager(TSM) solution.
Confusion
Due to a considerable overlap in technology, backups and backup systems are frequently confused with archives and fault-tolerant systems. Backups differ from archives in the sense that archives are the primary copy of data, usually put away for future use, while backups are a secondary copy of data, kept on hand to replace the original item. Backup systems differ from fault-tolerant systems in the sense that backup systems assume that a fault will cause a data loss event and fault-tolerant systems assume a fault will not.
addmyad Advice
This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (November 2009)
* The more important the data is that is stored on the computer, the greater is the need for backing up this data.
* A backup is only as useful as its associated restore strategy.
* Storing the copy near the original is unwise, since many disasters such as fire, flood, and electrical surges are likely to cause damage to the backup at the same time. In case of theft, you might also lose both your original and backup.
* Automated backup and scheduling should be considered, as manual backups can be affected by human error.
* Backups will fail for a wide variety of reasons. A verification or monitoring strategy is an important part of a successful backup plan.
* It is good to store backed up archives in open/standard formats. This helps with recovery in the future when the software used to make the backup is obsolete. It also allows different software to be used.
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